Parties and organizations

African National Congress (ANC)

South Africa

Nelson Mandela's party and the main movement against apartheid, in government in South Africa since 1994. It defends non-racial democracy, redistribution, Black economic empowerment and a developmental state, amid corruption and energy crises.

Alliance 90/The Greens

Germany

German ecological party born from the peace movement, it defends the energy transition, climate, minority and migrant rights and Europe, and backed Ukraine with arms while governing with the SPD and FDP.

Alternative for Germany (AfD)

Germany

Radical-right party founded in 2013, anti-immigration, Eurosceptic and nationalist, it defends closed borders, rolling back climate policies and closer ties with Russia, and is watched for extremism by the intelligence service.

American Communist Party (ACP)

United States

Marxist-Leninist party created in 2024 by CPUSA dissidents, of Jackson Hinkle, it admires China, North Korea, Iran and Russia, defends state socialism and mixes communism with social conservatism, so-called MAGA communism.

Arab Socialist Union

Nasser's Egypt1962–1977

Single party created by Nasser in 1962 as the vehicle of Arab socialism. It nationalized the economy, carried out land reform, defended pan-Arabism and non-alignment, and repressed Islamists and communists until Sadat's opening.

Avante

Brazil

Pragmatic centrist party founded in 1989 as the PTdoB and renamed in 2017, with a diffuse labor-oriented platform, support for governments of different camps and a small caucus based on state leaderships and party-fund machinery.

Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)

India

Narendra Modi's Hindu nationalist party, in power in India since 2014 and the political arm of the RSS. It combines Hindutva, centralization of power and economic liberalization with welfare, and revoked Kashmir's autonomy in 2019.

Brazil Union (UNIÃO)

Brazil

Center-right party created in 2022 through the merger of DEM and PSL, a core of the centrão and now in federation with the PP. It defends a market economy, agribusiness and moderate moral conservatism, with ministers in Lula's government and ties to Congress.

Brazilian Communist Party (PCB, Vargas era)

Brazil (Vargas Era)1930–1945

Party of Luís Carlos Prestes tied to the Communist International, it led the National Liberation Alliance and the 1935 uprising, was outlawed and persecuted by the Estado Novo, and backed the Allies in the Second World War.

Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB)

Brazil

Heir to the MDB that opposed the military regime, a pragmatic centrist party with strong state machines, allied with governments of every stripe and a backer of liberal reforms such as the spending cap.

Brazilian Labour Party (PTB, Vargas era)

Brazil (Vargas Era)1945–1954

Created in 1945 by Getúlio Vargas out of the official unionism of the Labor Ministry, it defended the labor code, the minimum wage, economic nationalism and Petrobras, and was the base of Vargas's return to power in 1951.

Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB)

Brazil

Founded in 1988 by MDB dissidents, it governed under Fernando Henrique Cardoso (Real Plan, privatizations and fiscal responsibility) and is now a declining centrist party favoring reforms and trade openness.

Brazilian Socialist Party (PSB)

Brazil

Center-left party founded in 1947 and re-founded in 1985, of social democracy and democratic socialism, allied with Lula. It defends the welfare state, regional development and civil rights, with Geraldo Alckmin as vice president and a strong base in Pernambuco.

Broad Front

Chile

Left-wing coalition born from the 2011 student protests and of President Gabriel Boric, it defends feminism, ecology, expanded social rights and an end to the neoliberal legacy and the Pinochet Constitution.

Brothers of Italy (Fratelli d'Italia)

Italy

National-conservative right-wing party of Giorgia Meloni, prime minister of Italy since 2022, it defends nation, traditional family, immigration control and security, with Atlanticism, support for Ukraine and the post-fascist heritage of the MSI.

Carlist Traditionalist Communion (CTC)

Spain

Spanish traditionalist Carlist party, heir to the 19th-century Carlist movement. It defends legitimist monarchy, integral Catholicism, regional charters and the motto 'God, Fatherland, Fueros, King', against liberalism and parliamentary democracy.

Centro Democrático (CD)

Colombia

Right-wing party founded in 2013 by Álvaro Uribe, its leader, which claims the legacy of his Democratic Security policy. It governed with Iván Duque (2018–2022), led the "No" to the 2016 peace deal, defends free markets and traditional values and backs De la Espriella.

Chega

Portugal

Portuguese radical-right party of André Ventura, founded in 2019 and the second force in Parliament, it defends restricted immigration, security, lower taxes and criticism of corruption, with a populist discourse.

Chinese Communist Party

China

Sole ruling party since 1949, it combines Leninism and state control of politics, media and the internet with a state-directed market economy, industrial planning, nationalism and technological modernization.

Chinese Communist Party (Maoist era)

Maoist China1949–1976

Single party of China under Mao Zedong, from 1949 to 1976. It imposed collectivization, the Great Leap Forward, the Cultural Revolution, permanent class struggle and a leader cult, with state atheism, a split with the USSR and the atomic bomb.

Christian Democracy (DC)

Brazil

Small Christian-democratic party centered on family, defense of life from conception and Christian faith in public life, with a moderate economy and social protection, known for Eymael presidential bids.

Christian Democratic Union (CDU/CSU)

Germany

German Christian-democratic party of Adenauer, Kohl, Merkel and Friedrich Merz, it defends the social market economy, Europe, NATO, order and family, with a conservative wing, and has led the German government since 2025.

Christian Social Union (CSU)

Bavaria (Germany)

Christian-democratic party of Bavaria, sister of the CDU since 1945, it has dominated Bavarian politics with Franz Josef Strauß and Markus Söder, defends Catholicism, family, order, federalism and a market economy, with a more conservative line than the CDU.

Civic Coalition (KO)

Poland

Donald Tusk's liberal, pro-European coalition, in government in Poland since 2023. It defends the rule of law, the EU and NATO, strong support for Ukraine, high military spending, border control with Belarus and a market economy with social protection.

Colorado Party (ANR)

Paraguay

Paraguayan conservative and populist party founded in 1887, hegemonic for decades, including under the Stroessner dictatorship. It now governs with Santiago Peña, defending free markets, Catholicism, order, sovereignty over Itaipú and the alliance with Taiwan.

Communist Party of Brazil (PCdoB)

Brazil

Marxist-Leninist party born from the 1962 split with the PCB, tied to the Araguaia guerrilla, now federated with the PT, it backs Lula governments and defends state planning, national sovereignty and closer ties with China.

Communist Party of Cuba (PCC)

Cuba

Cuba's sole party, defined by the Constitution as the leading force of society, it directs the planned state economy, universal health care and education, anti-imperialism and opposition to the embargo, with no party pluralism.

Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF)

Russia

Second-largest force in the Duma, of Gennady Zyuganov and heir to the CPSU, it defends nationalization, statism, Soviet memory and Russian nationalism, backing Putin's government on the war without being a real opposition.

Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU)

Soviet Union (USSR)1917–1991

Single party from Lenin to Gorbachev that ruled the USSR with a power monopoly, democratic centralism and a planned economy. It imposed collectivization, Stalinist terror, state atheism and the Cold War until banned in 1991.

Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV)

Vietnam

Vietnam's single party, founded in 1930 by Ho Chi Minh, in power since reunification in 1975. It combines Leninism and political control with the market opening of Doi Moi, an anti-corruption campaign and balanced diplomacy among China, the US and Russia.

Communist Party USA (CPUSA)

United States

Founded in 1919 and historically tied to Moscow, it organized unions and civil rights struggles, was persecuted during McCarthyism and today backs the Democrats against the right, defending socialism, unions and a welfare state.

Conservative Party (Tories)

United Kingdom

British right-wing party of Thatcher, Cameron and Johnson, it governed from 2010 to 2024, defending markets, Brexit, the monarchy, security and immigration control, with Kemi Badenoch in opposition.

Conservative Party (Victorian era)

British Empire1834–1901

Party of the Tories of Peel, Disraeli and Salisbury, defender of the Crown, the Church of England, the landed aristocracy and the empire. With Disraeli's 'One Nation', it paired paternalist social reform, an expanded franchise and imperialism.

Conservative Party of Canada

Canada

Center-right party created in 2003, of Stephen Harper and today of Pierre Poilievre, it defends lower taxes, public safety, energy production and the West, with a populist tone and moderate social conservatism.

Conservative Party of the Empire (Saquaremas)

Empire of Brazil1836–1889

Party of the Empire of Brazil known as the Saquaremas, of the great plantations and the slaveholding elite. It defended a centralized state, a strong Moderating Power, the Council of State, public order and slavery, and led imperial policy in the River Plate.

Democratic Labour Party (PDT)

Brazil

Labour party founded by Leonel Brizola in 1979, heir to Getúlio Vargas's legacy, it defends economic nationalism, full-time public education and workers' rights, and today sits close to the Lula government.

Democratic Party

United States

The other major US party, center-left, it advocates expanding public healthcare, civil and reproductive rights, unions, environmental regulation and international alliances, with a base among minorities, young people and big cities.

Democratic Party (New Deal era)

New Deal United States1933–1945

Franklin Roosevelt's party in power from 1933 to 1945, it expanded the state with the New Deal: social security, bank regulation, public works and unions, in a coalition with the segregationist South, and led the US through World War II.

Democratic Party (PD)

Italy

Italy's main center-left party, of Elly Schlein, it defends social democracy, civil rights, migrants, Europe and the green transition, with communist and Christian-democratic roots, and is in opposition to Meloni.

Democratic Party of Korea (DPK)

South Korea

South Korean center-left liberal party, of Moon Jae-in and President Lee Jae-myung, elected in 2025. It defends social welfare, chaebol reform, labor rights, civil liberties and engagement with North Korea while keeping the alliance with the US.

Democratic Progressive Party (DPP)

Taiwan

Taiwanese party founded in 1986 against the KMT's martial law, now in power under Lai Ching-te. It defends Taiwanese identity, de facto sovereignty and alignment with the US, civil rights (same-sex marriage in 2019) and the energy transition.

Democratic Republican Party (DRP)

Park Chung Hee's South Korea1963–1980

Park Chung-hee's party, in power in South Korea from 1963 to 1980. It sustained a developmental dictatorship, with five-year plans, export-led industrialization, chaebols, anticommunism, a political police (KCIA) and the 1972 Yushin Constitution.

Democratic Socialists of America (DSA)

United States

Largest socialist organization in the US, with tens of thousands of members and elected councillors and legislators. It defends universal public health care, strong unions, a Green New Deal and social ownership, inside and outside the Democratic Party.

Democratic Unionist Party (DUP)

United Kingdom

Unionist and conservative party of Northern Ireland, founded by Ian Paisley in 1971, it defends the union with the United Kingdom, Protestant and traditional moral values and opposes the Brexit protocol, and is the largest unionist party in the region.

Federalist Party

United States1791–1824

The party of Alexander Hamilton and John Adams, it dominated the US government until 1801: it defended a strong central state, a national bank, commerce and industry, closeness to Britain and the Alien and Sedition Acts, against Jefferson.

Fidesz

Hungary

Party of Viktor Orbán, in power since 2010, it defends illiberal democracy, Christian nationalism, control of the media and judiciary, opposition to immigration and to Brussels, and close ties with Russia and China.

Five Star Movement (M5S)

Italy

Italian populist movement founded by Beppe Grillo in 2009 and today of Giuseppe Conte, it defends direct democracy, a citizens' income, ecology and opposes the caste, with a pacifist stance critical of arms for Ukraine.

Forza Italia (FI)

Italy

Center-right party founded by Silvio Berlusconi in 1994, it defends economic liberalism, Atlanticism, Europeanism and Christian democracy, is part of the Meloni government under Antonio Tajani, with a business and moderate Catholic base.

Free Democratic Party (FDP)

Germany

German liberal party of Christian Lindner, it defends free markets, low taxes, fiscal discipline, digitalization and individual liberties, had a role in the traffic-light government and lost the Bundestag in 2025.

Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ)

Austria

Austrian radical-right party of Herbert Kickl, winner of the 2024 election, it defends restricted immigration, neutrality, Euroscepticism and Austrian identity, with ties to Orbán and Russia.

German Democratic Party (DDP)

Weimar Republic1918–1933

Left-liberal party of the Weimar Republic, with Hugo Preuss, Theodor Wolff and Walther Rathenau. It defended the 1919 Constitution, parliamentary democracy, a market economy with social responsibility, civil rights and European reconciliation, until it vanished in 1933.

Green Party

United States

Left-wing ecological party founded in 1991, of Ralph Nader and Jill Stein, it defends a Green New Deal, universal public health care, social justice, grassroots democracy, nonviolence and an end to the Democratic-Republican duopoly.

Green Party (Greens)

United Kingdom

Left-wing ecologist party of England and Wales, it defends ecological transition, income redistribution, public services, proportional representation and minority rights, and won four MPs in 2024.

Historic Pact (PH)

Colombia

Left-wing party of Gustavo Petro, who created it as a coalition in 2021 and now leads it. The base of his government, it merged in 2025 with the Democratic Pole, the Patriotic Union and the Communist Party, and opposes De la Espriella.

Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party (MSZMP)

Kádár's Hungary1956–1989

Single party of Hungary under János Kádár, created after the 1956 revolution crushed by the Soviets. It combined party dictatorship and the Warsaw Pact with 'goulash communism', partial market reforms and softened repression.

Imperial Rule Assistance Association (Taisei Yokusankai)

Empire of Japan1940–1945

Political organization created in 1940 by Prince Konoe, which dissolved the parties and mobilized imperial Japan for war. It brought together neighborhood associations, unions and bureaucrats under emperor worship, militarism and a war economy.

Indian National Congress (INC)

India

Party of Gandhi and Nehru that led India's independence and governed it for decades, now in opposition to the BJP. It defends secularism, social welfare, a mixed economy, pluralism and federalism.

Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)

Mexico

Mexican party founded in 1929, hegemonic for 71 years and now centrist. It inherits revolutionary nationalism and corporatism, but embraced free trade and economic openness, and is secular and pragmatic.

Iraqi Ba'ath Party

Ba'athist Iraq1968–2003

Iraqi branch of the Ba'ath Party, in power from 1968 to 2003 under al-Bakr and Saddam Hussein. A single-party dictatorship with a cult of the leader, Arab nationalism, a state-controlled oil economy, wars against Iran and Kuwait and repression of Kurds and Shiites.

Italian Liberals (Giolitti)

Kingdom of Italy1892–1922

Liberals of the Kingdom of Italy led by Giovanni Giolitti, who governed five times. They defended parliamentarism and the 1912 male suffrage, state neutrality in labor disputes, nationalization of railways and insurance, industrial protectionism and the conquest of Libya.

Justice and Development Party (AKP)

Turkey

Islamic-conservative party of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, in power in Turkey since 2002, it combines nationalism, religious values, big public works and a strong state, with presidentialism, control of the media and judiciary and an assertive foreign policy.

Justicialist Party

Argentina

Party founded by Juan Perón in 1946 and the core of Peronism, with social justice, strong unions, economic nationalism and a welfare state, but heterogeneous, with Kirchnerist, liberal Menemist and conservative wings, and alternating in power.

Kuomintang (KMT)

Taiwan

Chinese nationalist party founded in 1912, which ruled Taiwan under martial law until 1987 and is now the main opposition. It defends the '1992 Consensus', closer economic ties with China, a market economy and Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People.

La France Insoumise (LFI)

France

Radical-left party of Jean-Luc Mélenchon, it defends a sixth Republic, ecological planning, taxing the rich, leaving NATO, breaking with EU treaties and solidarity with Palestine, in a populist style.

La Libertad Avanza (LLA)

Argentina

Party of Javier Milei, president of Argentina since 2023, with economic libertarianism, a chainsaw on public spending, deregulation and trade opening, a culture war against the political caste and Peronism, and alignment with Trump and Israel.

Labour Party

United Kingdom

Center-left party of Keir Starmer, governing the United Kingdom since 2024, it defends the NHS, unions, public investment and social rights, with fiscal discipline and a pro-NATO, pro-Europe stance.

Labour Party (Ap)

Norway

Norwegian social-democratic party founded in 1887, in government under Jonas Gahr Støre. It defends the Nordic welfare model, strong unions, public control of oil and the sovereign fund, NATO and regulated immigration with integration.

Law and Justice (PiS)

Poland

Polish national-conservative party of Jarosław Kaczyński, in government from 2015 to 2023, it defends Catholicism, the family, social welfare, sovereignty against Brussels and influence over the judiciary, backs Ukraine and opposes immigration.

League of Communists of Yugoslavia (SKJ)

Socialist Yugoslavia1945–1990

Single party of Tito's Yugoslavia, from 1945 to 1990. It combined party dictatorship with workers' self-management, non-alignment, federalism among the republics and 'brotherhood and unity', and broke with Stalin in 1948.

Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)

Japan

Conservative party that has governed Japan almost without interruption since 1955. It defends the US alliance, business-led development, moderate cultural nationalism and revision of the pacifist Constitution, with internal factions and ties to business.

Liberal Democrats

United Kingdom

Centrist liberal party of Ed Davey, it defends civil liberties, Europe and a closer EU relationship, health and social care, the environment and electoral reform, and governed in coalition with the Conservatives from 2010 to 2015.

Liberal Party (PL)

Brazil

Largest bench in the lower house and Jair Bolsonaro's party since 2021, it combines the conservative right and economic liberalism, with an agenda of public security, civilian gun ownership, Christian values, an evangelical base and criticism of the Supreme Court.

Liberal Party (Victorian era)

British Empire1859–1901

Party of Gladstone and Palmerston that dominated Victorian politics, defending free trade, thrift, electoral reform, religious freedom, 'Peace, Retrenchment and Reform' and Irish Home Rule, which split it in 1886.

Liberal Party of Canada

Canada

Centrist party that governed for most of Canadian history, of Pearson, the Trudeaus and Mark Carney, it defends social liberalism, multiculturalism, public health care, minority rights and a regulated market.

Liberal Party of the Empire (Luzias)

Empire of Brazil1831–1889

Party of the Empire of Brazil known as the Luzias. It defended provincial autonomy, limits on the Moderating Power, parliamentarism, free trade and press, European immigration and gradual abolition, with property-based suffrage.

Libertarian Party

United States

Third-largest US party, founded in 1971, it defends minimal government, free markets, military non-interventionism, an end to the war on drugs and broad civil and individual liberties, split between moderate and conservative wings.

Likud

Israel

Right-wing nationalist party founded in 1973 and led by Benjamin Netanyahu, heir to Jabotinsky's revisionist Zionism. It defends tough security, settlements, sovereignty over Judea and Samaria, a market economy and coalitions with the religious right.

MDB

Brazil under Military Rule1966–1979

Party of tolerated opposition to the military regime, created in 1966 under the two-party system and led by Ulysses Guimarães. It brought together liberals, socialists and Catholics in defense of democracy, amnesty and an end to torture, under purges and censorship.

Mensheviks

Tsarist Russian Empire1903–1922

Minority wing of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, of Martov and Plekhanov. It defended an open party, a bourgeois revolution before a socialist one, democracy and alliance with liberals, took part in the Provisional Government and was repressed by the Bolsheviks.

Mission Party (MISSÃO)

Brazil

Party founded by the MBL and chaired by Renan Santos, combining fiscal adjustment with a strong state on security (Enemy Criminal Law), reindustrialization (SEZs, rare earths) and municipal consolidation. Won one federal deputy in 2026.

Moderate Party (M)

Sweden

Swedish liberal-conservative party founded in 1904 and led by Ulf Kristersson in the Tidö government. It defends low taxes, market reforms, the EU and NATO, more police against gangs and restrictive asylum and immigration policy.

Morena (National Regeneration Movement)

Mexico

Left-wing party of López Obrador, governing Mexico with Claudia Sheinbaum, it defends a state that promotes welfare, pensions and social programs, energy sovereignty, fighting corruption and austerity, with popular nationalism.

National Action Party (PAN)

Mexico

Mexican centre-right party founded in 1939, with Christian-democratic roots. It defends electoral democracy, federalism, free markets, trade openness and family values, and elected presidents Fox and Calderón.

National Democratic Union (UDN)

Brazil (Vargas Era)1945–1965

Liberal-conservative opposition to Vargas and to labor politics between 1945 and 1965, it defended free enterprise, anti-communism and the fight against corruption, had Carlos Lacerda as its loudest voice and backed the 1964 coup.

National Fascist Party (PNF)

Fascist Italy (Mussolini)1921–1943

Benito Mussolini's party, in power in Italy from 1922 to 1943 and the single party after 1926. It imposed totalitarian dictatorship, corporatism, a cult of the Duce, colonial expansion, alliance with Hitler and racial laws (1938).

National Libertarian Party (PNL)

Chile

Chilean party founded in 2024 by Johannes Kaiser, radical right, paleolibertarian and Pinochetist. It defends free markets and a minimal state, private property, order and security, hard immigration control and rejection of progressivism and globalism.

National Party (apartheid era)

Apartheid South Africa1948–1994

Governing party of South Africa from 1948 to 1994, an Afrikaner nationalism that instituted apartheid: legal racial segregation, white-minority rule, anticommunism and violent repression of the Black opposition.

National Rally (RN)

France

French radical-right party of Marine Le Pen and Jordan Bardella, it defends national preference, zero immigration, sovereignty against the European Union, security and identity, with protectionist social policy.

National Renewal Alliance (ARENA)

Brazil under Military Rule1965–1979

Party that propped up the military regime between 1965 and 1979, it backed the general-presidents in Congress with anti-communism, national security, order and authoritarian developmentalism, against the tolerated opposition of the MDB.

National Union

Portugal (Estado Novo)1930–1974

Single party of Portugal's Estado Novo, created by Salazar in 1930. It sustained a corporatist dictatorship, social Catholicism, colonialism ('God, Fatherland, Family'), censorship and political police (PIDE), with no free elections, until the Carnation Revolution.

Nazi Party (NSDAP)

Nazi Germany (Third Reich)1920–1945

Adolf Hitler's party, founded in 1920, which became Germany's sole party in 1933 and imposed totalitarian dictatorship, biological racism and antisemitism, rearmament and military expansion until its defeat in 1945.

New Party (NOVO)

Brazil

Liberal party founded in 2011 that defends a minimal state, privatizations, lower taxes and meritocracy, refuses the public party fund and has Minas Gerais governor Romeu Zema as its main leader.

Northern League (Lega Nord)

Italy1991–2018

Regionalist party of northern Italy founded by Umberto Bossi in 1991, it defended federalism, an independent Padania, anti-establishment politics and immigration control, until becoming the national Lega of Salvini.

Nuevas Ideas

El Salvador

Party of Nayib Bukele, president of El Salvador, founded in 2017, it dominates the state with a state of exception against gangs, populism, anti-establishment rhetoric, bitcoin and a strong concentration of power in the Executive.

Party for Freedom (PVV)

Netherlands

Party of Geert Wilders, winner of the 2023 Dutch election, it defends ending immigration and asylum, opposes Islam, is Eurosceptic and populist, with welfare for the Dutch and strong support for Israel.

People Power Party (PPP)

South Korea

South Korean conservative party, heir to Saenuri, of President Yoon Suk Yeol (2022–2025). It defends a market economy and business, the US and Japan alliance, a hard line on North Korea and traditional values, and split over Yoon's 2024 martial law.

People's Action Party (PAP)

Singapore

Singapore's dominant party, in power since 1959 and founded by Lee Kuan Yew. It combines state capitalism, technocratic meritocracy, strict social order, official multiculturalism and dominant-party electoral democracy.

People's Party (PP)

Spain

Spain's main center-right party, of Aznar, Rajoy and Feijóo, it defends a market economy, Spanish unity against separatism, the monarchy and Europe, with moderate social conservatism.

Pirate Party Germany (PIRATEN)

Germany

German party founded in 2006, inspired by the Swedish one, defending privacy, transparency, digital rights, copyright reform and direct democracy through online platforms. It entered Berlin's parliament in 2011 and lost ground after 2013.

Plaid Cymru

Wales (United Kingdom)

Centre-left Welsh nationalist party founded in 1925. It defends Welsh independence, the Welsh language, public services, community renewable energy and EU membership, and cooperates in government in the Senedd.

Podemos

Spain

Populist left-wing party born from the 15-M movement in 2014, of Pablo Iglesias and Ione Belarra, it defends taxing the rich, housing, public services, feminist rights and opposes the political caste, in coalition with the PSOE.

Popular Unity (UP)

Brazil

Far-left party founded in 2016 that defends socialism, nationalization of banks and strategic sectors, suspension of public debt and popular agrarian and urban reform, tied to housing movements.

Progress Party (FrP)

Norway

Norway's right-wing populist party founded in 1973, liberal-conservative. It defends low taxes, a smaller state, use of oil, restricted immigration and asylum, tougher punishment and scepticism toward the climate agenda and the EU.

Progressives (PP)

Brazil

Center-right party and core of the centrão, heir to Arena and the PDS, now led by Ciro Nogueira and Arthur Lira. It defends a market economy, agribusiness and moral conservatism, with strong support for budget amendments and a habit of joining any government.

Radical Civic Union (UCR)

Argentina

Century-old Argentine party founded in 1891, of Yrigoyen and Alfonsín, it defends republican democracy, the middle class, public education and institutions, and is today centrist and split between liberals and social democrats within Juntos por el Cambio.

Radical Party (Third Republic)

French Third Republic1901–1940

Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party, the axis of the French Third Republic. It defended secularism (the 1905 law), public schools, small property, income tax, parliamentarism and republican assimilation, and took part in the Popular Front and the Herriot and Daladier governments.

Rastakhiz Party

Iran under the Shah1975–1978

Single party created by the Shah in Iran in 1975, with compulsory membership and the slogan 'Revolution of the Shah and the People'. It served as the monarchy's mobilization and propaganda machine, targeted merchants and clergy, and was dissolved in 1978.

Reconquête

France

French far-right party founded in 2021 by Éric Zemmour. It defends zero immigration and remigration, Christian and national identity, sovereignty against the EU, state authority, family and birth rate, reindustrialization and lower taxes.

Reform UK

United Kingdom

Right-wing populist party of Nigel Farage, it defends ending illegal immigration, lower taxes, less regulation and dropping carbon targets, with national sovereignty and criticism of the establishment, and has grown strongly since 2024.

Renaissance

France

Centrist party of Emmanuel Macron, it defends economic liberalism with reforms, bets on Europe, innovation and industry, NATO and support for Ukraine, and holds the center between left and right.

Republican Party

United States

One of the two major US parties, right-wing and now led by Donald Trump, it advocates low taxes, deregulation, immigration control, tariffs, traditional Christian values and the right to bear arms.

Republican Party (New Deal era)

New Deal United States1933–1945

Opposition to Franklin Roosevelt from 1933 to 1945, it defended balanced budgets, less federal power and free enterprise, with isolationist and internationalist wings, against the New Deal and strong unions.

Republican Party of Chile

Chile

Radical-right party founded by José Antonio Kast in 2019, it defends order, security, immigration control, Christian values and family, free markets and lower taxes, with roots in part of the Pinochetist right.

Republican Party of São Paulo (PRP)

First Brazilian Republic1873–1937

Party of the São Paulo coffee elite founded in 1873, it dominated Old Republic politics through the coffee-and-milk alliance, defended federalism, order, free trade and agrarian exports, and lost power with the Revolution of 1930.

Republican People's Party (CHP, Kemalist era)

Atatürk's Turkey1923–1938

Single party founded by Atatürk that ruled Turkey from 1923 to 1938 under the six principles (republicanism, nationalism, populism, statism, secularism and reformism). It imposed forced secularization, statism and Turkification.

Republicans

Brazil

Party linked to the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God, founded in 2005 as PRB, with an evangelical base and a centrão profile. It defends conservative values, a moderate market economy and security, and has joined both Lula and Bolsonaro governments.

Rhodesian Front

Rhodesia1962–1980

Party of Rhodesia's white minority, led by Ian Smith, which proclaimed unilateral independence in 1965. It defended racial segregation, anticommunism and the defense of 'Western Christian civilization' against African nationalism, until the civil war and the regime's end in 1980.

Scottish National Party (SNP)

Scotland (United Kingdom)

Social-democratic and pro-independence Scottish party, dominant in Scottish politics since 2007, it defends independence, rejoining the European Union, strong public services and progressive policies on social issues and the environment.

Shas

Israel

Sephardic ultra-Orthodox party founded in 1984 by Rabbi Ovadia Yosef and now led by Aryeh Deri. It defends the Torah and halakha, religious schools, social assistance for poor Mizrahim and an exemption from military service, with coalition pragmatism.

Sinn Féin

Ireland

Left-wing Irish republican party, former political arm of the IRA, of Mary Lou McDonald, it defends Irish unification, public housing, health care, taxation and social rights, and is the largest force in the Irish Parliament.

Social Democratic Party (historical PSD)

Brazil (Vargas Era)1945–1965

Center-right party founded in 1945 by Vargas's appointed governors, with a rural and oligarchic base, allied with the PTB in governments from 1945 to 1964, it had Dutra and Juscelino Kubitschek and defended development, constitutional order and conciliation.

Social Democratic Party (PSD)

Brazil

Center party founded by Gilberto Kassab in 2011, pragmatic and without a defined ideology, that joins governments of any camp. It defends a market economy, institutional stability and federalism, with leaders such as Ratinho Jr. and Eduardo Paes.

Social Democratic Party (PSD)

Portugal

Portugal's main centre-right party, founded in 1974 as the PPD. Liberal-conservative despite its name, it leads the Democratic Alliance and defends lower taxes, state reform, the EU and NATO, with firmer migration control.

Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD)

Germany

Germany's oldest party, of Brandt, Schmidt, Schröder and Scholz, it defends the welfare state, unions, codetermination and Europe, with a market tilt since Agenda 2010, and has lost voters to the AfD and the Greens.

Social Democratic Party of Germany (Weimar era)

Weimar Republic1918–1933

Largest party of the Weimar Republic, with Friedrich Ebert and Otto Wels. It defended parliamentary democracy, the 8-hour day, unemployment insurance and the welfare state, crushed the Spartacists and was the only party to vote against Hitler's Enabling Act in 1933.

Social Democrats (S)

Sweden

Sweden's Social Democratic Workers' Party, founded in 1889 and architect of the Swedish welfare model. It defends high taxes, strong unions, the EU and NATO, a secular and egalitarian society and, today, stricter migration control.

Socialism and Liberty Party (PSOL)

Brazil

Founded in 2004 by PT dissidents, a democratic-socialist left party with ecological, feminist, anti-racist and LGBT agendas, federated with Rede, it supports the Lula government with a critical stance.

Socialist Party (PS)

Portugal

Portuguese social-democratic party founded in 1973 by Mário Soares, a pillar of the democratic regime. It defends the welfare state, public health and schools, balanced budgets, the EU and NATO, civil rights and regulated reception of immigrants.

Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)

Spain

Social-democratic party of Pedro Sánchez, it governs Spain in coalition, defending the welfare state, civil rights, abortion and same-sex marriage, the ecological transition and Europe, and negotiating with regional parties.

Sumar

Spain

Left-wing platform created in 2023 by Yolanda Díaz bringing together Izquierda Unida, Comuns and other parties, it defends a shorter working week, a higher minimum wage, ecological transition and social rights, and is part of the Pedro Sánchez government.

Sweden Democrats (SD)

Sweden

Swedish nationalist party of Jimmie Åkesson, the second-largest in parliament, with roots moderated since the 1990s, it defends restricting immigration, law and order, welfare for Swedes and is Eurosceptic.

Syrian Ba'ath Party

Assad's Syria1963–2024

Syrian branch of the Ba'ath Party, in power from 1963 to 2024, above all under Hafez and Bashar al-Assad. Ruling party of a secular authoritarian state with Arab nationalism, a state economy, alliance with Iran and Russia and repression (Hama, civil war).

Syriza

Greece

Greek left-wing coalition of Alexis Tsipras, in government from 2015 to 2019 and which gave in to troika austerity, it defends the welfare state, civil rights and Europe, and lost ground to New Democracy.

The Left (Die Linke)

Germany

German left-wing party heir to East Germany's PDS, it defends a higher minimum wage, rent freezes, taxing great fortunes, leaving NATO and peace, and resurged in 2025 under Heidi Reichinnek.

The Republicans (LR)

France

French center-right party, heir to Gaullism and Sarkozy, with Bruno Retailleau as leader since 2025. It defends a market economy, immigration control, order, family values and an intergovernmental EU, and lost the Élysée Palace in 2012.

Unified Socialist Workers' Party (PSTU)

Brazil

Trotskyist party founded in 1994 that defends socialist revolution and class independence, breaks with PT governments, operates in the combative CSP-Conlutas unionism and sees capitalism as the root of oppression.

Union for the Homeland (UP)

Argentina

Argentina's centre-left Peronist coalition formed in 2023 around the Justicialist Party and Kirchnerism. It defends the welfare state, national industry, economic control, sovereignty, human rights and civil rights.

United Russia

Russia

Vladimir Putin's party of power, it has dominated the Duma and regional governments since 2001, defending a strong state, patriotism, Orthodoxy and traditional values, the war in Ukraine and sovereignty against the West.

United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV)

Venezuela

Party of Chavismo and Nicolás Maduro, in power since 1999 under different names, it combines Bolivarian socialism, oil nationalism, state control and a strong military apparatus, in a regime accused of authoritarianism.

Vox

Spain

Spanish radical-right party founded in 2013, it defends national unity against separatism, immigration restriction, traditional family and Catholic values, tax cuts, and criticism of the EU and feminism.

Welfare Party (Refah)

Turkey1983–1998

Turkish Islamist party of Erbakan that won the 1995 elections and led the coalition government (1996–97). It advocated an interest-free economy, ties with the Muslim world and more room for Islam in public life, until it was dissolved in 1998 for violating secularism.

Workers' Cause Party (PCO)

Brazil

Far-left party in the Trotskyist tradition led by Rui Costa Pimenta, it defends nationalizing the financial system, repudiating the public debt and national sovereignty, and criticizes identity politics and the PT.

Workers' Party (PT)

Brazil

Left-wing party founded in 1980 by union leaders and social movements, in power with Lula since 2023, it defends a developmental state, social programs such as Bolsa Família, strong unions and multilateral foreign policy.

Workers' Party of Korea (WPK)

North Korea

Single party of North Korea, in power since 1948 under the Kim dynasty. It governs through the Juche ideology and the Songun (military-first) policy, with a personality cult, a planned economy, a nuclear program and total control of society.

Action Française

French Third Republic1899–1944

French nationalist movement founded in 1899 and led intellectually by Charles Maurras. It advocated 'integral nationalism', hereditary anti-parliamentary monarchy, decentralization, antisemitism and Catholic order, though agnostic in doctrine.

America First (Nick Fuentes)

United States

White nationalist movement of Nick Fuentes and his followers, the groypers, it defends a Christian and white America, zero immigration, antisemitism, rejection of Israel and the Republican elite, and an end to foreign wars.

Bolsheviks

Tsarist Russian Empire1903–1918

Majority wing of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, led by Lenin from 1903. It defended a party of professional revolutionaries, proletarian revolution, immediate peace and the seizure of power in October 1917, founding the Soviet dictatorship.

Brazilian Integralist Action (AIB)

Brazil (Vargas Era)1932–1937

Movement founded by Plínio Salgado in 1932, with the motto 'God, Fatherland and Family', it advocated a corporatist integral state, nationalism, anti-communism and Catholic morality, with a green-shirt militia, until banned in 1937.

British Union of Fascists (BUF)

United Kingdom1932–1940

British fascist movement founded in 1932 by Oswald Mosley, with a blackshirt militia. It defended corporatism, imperial protectionism, nationalism and, from 1934, antisemitism, until it was banned in 1940.

CNT-FAI

Anarchist Aragon and Catalonia1936–1939

Alliance of the anarcho-syndicalist trade union CNT with the Iberian Anarchist Federation, which carried out Spain's 1936 social revolution. It collectivized factories and land in Catalonia and Aragon, formed militias, joined the Republican government and was crushed in May 1937.

Falange Española

Francoist Spain1933–1975

Spanish fascist movement founded by José Antonio Primo de Rivera in 1933 and merged by Franco in 1937 into the single party (FET y de las JONS). Imperial nationalism, vertical syndicalism, a totalitarian state and Catholicism.

Iron Guard (Legionary Movement)

Romania1927–1941

Romanian fascist movement founded in 1927 by Corneliu Codreanu as the Legion of the Archangel Michael. It combined mystical Orthodox nationalism, antisemitism, a cult of martyrdom and political violence, and was crushed after the 1941 rebellion.

Jacobins

First French Republic1789–1794

Radical political club of the French Revolution led by Robespierre. It defended a unitary republic, popular sovereignty, civic virtue and the Terror, with a managed economy, dechristianization and centralization, until its fall at Thermidor (1794).

Landless Workers Movement (MST)

Brazil

Largest rural social movement, born in 1984 with Catholic Church support, it occupies unproductive land to demand land reform, defends agroecology and food sovereignty, and is an ally of left-wing governments.

Les Identitaires

France

French identitarian far-right movement, founded in 2002 as Bloc Identitaire and chaired by Fabrice Robert. It advocates remigration, opposes immigration and Islam and promotes a Europe of ethnic identities; its youth wing was dissolved in 2021.

New Resistance (NR)

Brazil

Brazilian political organization founded in 2015 by Raphael Machado, inspired by Aleksandr Dugin's Fourth Political Theory. National-revolutionary, anti-liberal, anti-American and Eurasianist, researchers describe it as neofascist.

Núcleo Nacional

Spain

Spanish neo-Nazi far-right group that emerged from the 2023–24 anti-amnesty protests in Madrid. Ultranationalist and anti-immigration, it has a hierarchical structure and street activism, and is investigated by the Guardia Civil for hate speech.

Optimates

Republican Romec. 133–44 a.C.

Conservative aristocratic faction of the Roman Republic, defending the authority of the Senate, ancestral tradition (mos maiorum) and large landholdings. It fought the agrarian reforms of the Gracchi and the populares, under Sulla and Cato the Younger.

Populares

Republican Romec. 133–44 a.C.

Faction of the Roman Republic that legislated through tribunes and assemblies against the Senate, defending land reform, grain distribution, debt relief and rights for Italian allies, from Tiberius Gracchus to Marius and Caesar.

Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS)

India

Hindu paramilitary volunteer organization founded in 1925 by Hedgewar, ideological matrix of the BJP and Hindutva. It runs thousands of shakhas of discipline and doctrine, social work and a network of affiliates, and was banned after Gandhi's assassination.

Rozwój Plus

Poland

Political association created in 2026 by former prime minister Mateusz Morawiecki after a split with Law and Justice (PiS). Conservative and sovereigntist, it defends economic development, closed borders and strong defence, with its own parliamentary caucus.

House of Al Nahyan

United Arab Emirates

Royal family of Abu Dhabi, in power since the eighteenth century, it has presided over the United Arab Emirates since 1971 and governs an oil-rich federal monarchy, with strong modernization and stability, controlled tolerance and a military alliance with the West.

House of Al Sabah

Kuwait

Royal family of Kuwait, in power since 1752; the emir rules an emirate with a constitution and an elected assembly he can dissolve. An oil welfare state, neutral and allied with the US.

House of Al Thani

Qatar

Royal family of Qatar, in power since the 19th century; the emir rules a hereditary monarchy built on natural gas, sovereign wealth, soft power (Al Jazeera, the 2022 World Cup), a US base, regional mediation and conservative Islam.

House of Alaouite

Morocco

Ruling dynasty of Morocco since 1666; the king is head of state, Commander of the Faithful and of the army. An executive monarchy, moderate Sunni Islam, economic openness, alliance with the West and Israel, and control of the Sahara.

House of Bernadotte

Sweden

Swedish royal family since 1818, of French origin. A monarchy without political power since 1974, a symbol of the Nordic welfare state, historic neutrality and a secular, open, egalitarian society.

House of Bonaparte

Napoleonic Empire1804–1870

Dynasty created by Napoleon, who ruled France as emperor from 1804 to 1815 and, with Napoleon III, from 1852 to 1870, it imposed the Civil Code, centralization, plebiscitary authoritarianism and wars that reshaped Europe.

House of Bourbon (French branch)

Kingdom of France1589–1792

Dynasty that reigned in France from 1589 to 1792 and from 1814 to 1830, from Henry IV to Louis XIV, the Sun King, it made divine-right absolute monarchy the European model and was overthrown by the French Revolution.

House of Bourbon (Spanish branch)

Spain

Dynasty that has reigned in Spain since 1700, from Philip V to Felipe VI, it moved from absolutism to constitutionalism, was restored by Franco in 1975 and Juan Carlos I led the transition to democracy in 1978 as a parliamentary monarchy.

House of Braganza

Portuguese Empire1640–1910

Dynasty that reigned in Portugal from 1640 to 1910 and in Brazil, it restored independence from Spain, ran the colonial empire and passed from absolutism to constitutional monarchy, falling with the Republic in 1910.

House of Habsburg

Austro-Hungarian Empire1867–1918

Catholic dynasty that ruled Austria-Hungary, it upheld hereditary multinational monarchy, the emperor's authority, the alliance with the Church and the unity of the empire, until Charles I's abdication in 1918.

House of Habsburg (Spanish branch)

Habsburg Spain1516–1700

Spanish branch of the dynasty, from Charles I to Charles II. It sustained the universal Catholic monarchy, the Counter-Reformation, the Inquisition and a world empire financed by American silver, with European wars, bankruptcies and Castilian centralism until extinction in 1700.

House of Hanover

British Empire1714–1901

German dynasty that reigned in the United Kingdom from 1714 to 1901, from George I to Queen Victoria, it consolidated constitutional monarchy, Parliament, the industrial revolution and the British Empire, of Protestant Anglican tradition.

House of Hohenzollern

Kingdom of Prussia1701–1918

German dynasty that ruled Brandenburg, Prussia and the German Empire, from Frederick the Great to William II, it built a military and bureaucratic state of Protestant tradition and unified Germany under Bismarck until 1918.

House of Liechtenstein

Liechtenstein

Reigning dynasty of the Principality of Liechtenstein since 1719, now led by Prince Hans-Adam II with his son Alois as regent. A constitutional monarchy with broad veto powers, Catholic, neutral and a low-tax financial center.

House of Medici

Renaissance Florence1434–1737

Dynasty of bankers and rulers of Florence, from Cosimo to Lorenzo the Magnificent and then grand dukes of Tuscany, it financed the Renaissance and the arts, reached the papacy and the queen of France and dominated Italian politics from 1434 to 1737.

House of Orange

Dutch Republic (United Provinces)1572–1795

Line of stadtholders of the Dutch Republic, from William the Silent to William V. It led the revolt against Spain and the Republic's army, defended Calvinism and national defense, and contested power with the mercantile patriciate of the States.

House of Orange-Nassau

Netherlands

Royal family of the Netherlands since William of Orange, leader of the revolt against Spain in the sixteenth century, today a constitutional monarchy led by Willem-Alexander, a symbol of national unity, historic Calvinism and tolerance.

House of Orléans-Braganza

Empire of Brazil

Branch of the Brazilian imperial dynasty descended from Pedro II, it maintains claimants to the throne and advocates parliamentary monarchy in Brazil, with a tradition of ties to the Catholic Church.

House of Osman

Ottoman Empire1299–1922

Ottoman imperial dynasty from 1299 to 1922, from Osman I to Mehmed VI. It ruled as sultans and caliphs, expanded the empire across Anatolia, the Balkans and the Arab world, administered minorities through the millet system and attempted reforms (Tanzimat) until abolition in 1922.

House of Pahlavi

Iran under the Shah1925–1979

Imperial dynasty of Iran from 1925 to 1979, from Reza Shah to Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. It imposed authoritarian modernization, Persian nationalism, secularization and an alliance with the West, with a political police (SAVAK), until the Islamic Revolution.

House of Romanov

Tsarist Russian Empire1613–1917

Imperial dynasty of Russia from 1613 to 1917, from Michael I to Nicholas II. It upheld autocracy, the Orthodox Church and territorial expansion, abolished serfdom in 1861, allowed a limited Duma in 1906 and fell in the 1917 Revolution.

House of Saud

Saudi Arabia

Dynasty that has ruled Saudi Arabia since 1932, an absolute monarchy allied to Wahhabism, with power over oil, custodian of the holy cities of Mecca and Medina and a strategic ally of the United States, today under Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman.

House of Stuart

Kingdom of Scotland1371–1714

Scottish dynasty that reigned in Scotland and, from 1603 to 1714, in England, defended the divine right of kings against Parliament, was toppled by the Civil War and the Glorious Revolution and left the United Kingdom united.

House of Tudor

England (United Kingdom)1485–1603

English dynasty from 1485 to 1603, from Henry VII to Elizabeth I, it centralized royal power, broke with Rome in Henry VIII's Reformation, created the Church of England and made the country a naval and commercial power.

House of Windsor

United Kingdom

British royal family since 1917, from George V to Charles III, it reigns as a constitutional monarchy without political power, head of state of fifteen realms and of the Commonwealth, a symbol of continuity, the Church of England and public duty.

Imperial House of Japan

Japan

The oldest continuous hereditary monarchy in the world, the Chrysanthemum line has reigned in Japan for over fifteen hundred years, today as a symbol of the State and the unity of the people, without political power, tied to Shinto.

Qajar Dynasty

Qajar Empire1789–1925

Turkic dynasty that ruled Persia from 1789 to 1925. A weak, tribal Shia monarchy, it lost territory to Russia, granted monopolies to foreigners, faced the Constitutional Revolution (1906) and was deposed by Reza Shah.

Qing Dynasty (Manchu)

Qing Dynasty China1644–1912

Last imperial dynasty of China (1644–1912), of Manchu origin, it expanded the empire to Xinjiang, Tibet and Mongolia, ruled through a Confucian bureaucracy and was defeated in the Opium Wars and overthrown by the 1911 Revolution.

Tokugawa Shogunate

Tokugawa Japan1603–1868

Hereditary military government of the Tokugawa clan in Japan, 1603 to 1868. It imposed internal peace, a caste hierarchy, control of the daimyo, Neo-Confucianism and isolation (sakoku), banning Christianity, until the Meiji Restoration.

Al-Qaeda

Afghanistan

Salafi jihadist organization founded by Osama bin Laden in 1988, it advocates a global caliphate, war against the West and regimes deemed apostate, and strict Islamic law, with attacks such as September 11, 2001.

Azov Battalion

Ukraine

Ukrainian military unit formed in 2014 from nationalist volunteers, later integrated into the National Guard and the Army. It combines military discipline, Ukrainian nationalism and defense against Russia, with a controversial far-right history and symbols.

EZLN (Zapatista Army of National Liberation)

Zapatista Chiapas (Mexico)

Indigenous movement that rose up in Chiapas in 1994, it demands land, autonomy and indigenous rights, governs communities through good-government councils and caracoles, against neoliberalism and parties, with the motto 'lead by obeying'.

Hamas

Palestine

Palestinian Islamist organization founded in 1987 as a branch of the Muslim Brotherhood, which has governed Gaza since 2007. It combines social services, politics and the Al-Qassam Brigades, defends armed resistance against Israel and carried out the October 7, 2023 attack.

Hezbollah

Lebanon

Lebanese Shia organization founded in 1982, with an armed wing and a seat in Parliament, inspired by the Iranian revolution. It fights Israel, runs a network of social services in southern Lebanon and the Bekaa Valley and is backed by Iran.

Islamic State (ISIS)

Iraq

Salafi-jihadist organization that proclaimed a caliphate in 2014 over parts of Iraq and Syria under Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. It imposed extreme sharia, enslaved Yazidis, carried out public executions and global attacks, and lost its territory in 2019.

Knights Templar

Kingdom of Jerusalem1119–1312

Christian military order founded in 1119 to protect pilgrims in Jerusalem, exempt from kings and bishops and answerable to the pope. It built a European banking network and was destroyed by Philip IV and Clement V (1312).

Makhnovists (Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine)

Free Territory (Makhnovshchina)1918–1921

Nestor Makhno's anarchist peasant army, which controlled southern Ukraine between 1918 and 1921 under a black flag. It fought Germans, Whites and Reds, defended free soviets, peasant self-management and libertarian communism, and was crushed by the Bolsheviks.

Red Army

Soviet Union (USSR)1918–1946

Soviet armed forces created in 1918 by Trotsky, under Party commissars. They won the Russian Civil War and defeated Nazi Germany, occupied Eastern Europe and served as an instrument of repression and purges until 1946.

Schutzstaffel (SS)

Nazi Germany (Third Reich)1925–1945

Elite paramilitary organization of the Nazi Party, commanded by Heinrich Himmler. It controlled the political police and the concentration camps, formed the Waffen-SS, carried out the Holocaust and the occupation of the East, with racial ideology and personal loyalty to Hitler.

Taliban

Afghanistan

Pashtun Deobandi Islamist movement founded in 1994, which ruled Afghanistan in 1996–2001 and returned to power in 2021. It imposes strict sharia, restricts women's education and work, rejects parties and elections and is led by Emir Hibatullah Akhundzada.